Add darwin runtime device observer support (#670)

* wip

* wip

* Organize

* Remove unnecessary change in camera_darwin.go filtering

* wip

* Make observer stop safe during startup

* wip IsAvailable impl

* Fix non-darwin builds

* Lock bg loop to main thread and add comment

* Remove fmt prints

* Simplify isAvailable; Add timeout for Read darwin

* Match comment with code

* Change to singleton pattern; Add clearer safer state machine states; Change language from Stop to Destroy; Add new error for when observer is unavailable;

* Add stubs for linux

* Move cancel() up so its not dead code sometimes

* Add stubs for Windows too

* Remove StopObserver usage

* Add camera tests

* Add device observer tests

* Fix multiple destroy calls bug; Call setup in start

* Improve isAvailable

* Improve string handling in device observer c

* Add error handling in example

* Add comment about setup vs start

* Rename and organize device observer darwin

* Explicitly case initial state for setup

* Fix potential destroy goroutine leak; Use only modern build tag; Return err not nil for stubs; Improve comments

* Close startDone channel on device observer stop not wait

examples/device_observer_darwin/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver"
+	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver/camera"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	fmt.Println("This example demonstrates query-based camera device discovery on Darwin.")
+	fmt.Println("The background observer automatically updates the manager's device list")
+	fmt.Println("when cameras are connected or disconnected.")
+
+	// Calling StartObserver without calling SetupObserver prior implicitly calls SetupObserver
+	// due to state machine internals. We make SetupObserver and StartObserver distinct because
+	// not all downstream programs will want to start pumping the NSRunLoop to handle events immediately.
+	err := camera.StartObserver()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to start observer: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		err := camera.DestroyObserver()
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("failed to destroy observer: %v\n", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+	queryCount := 0
+
+	queryDevices(0)
+
+	for {
+		fmt.Print("\nPress Enter to query (or 'q' to exit): ")
+
+		if !scanner.Scan() {
+			break
+		}
+
+		input := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
+		if strings.ToLower(input) == "q" {
+			break
+		}
+
+		queryCount++
+		queryDevices(queryCount)
+	}
+}
+
+func queryDevices(count int) {
+	if count > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("Query #%d\n", count)
+	}
+
+	devices := driver.GetManager().Query(driver.FilterVideoRecorder())
+
+	if len(devices) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No video devices found.")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("Found %d video device(s):\n", len(devices))
+		for i, d := range devices {
+			info := d.Info()
+			fmt.Printf("  %d. %s [%s]\n", i+1, info.Name, info.Label)
+		}
+	}
+}

pkg/avfoundation/AVFoundationBind/AVFoundationBind.m

@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@
 #import "AVFoundationBind.h"
 #include <string.h>
 
+// AVFoundationBind.m is the entry point for cgo compilation (included by avfoundation_darwin.go).
+// Including DeviceObserver.m here compiles both into a single compilation unit,
+// making all symbols available to the linker.
+#include "DeviceObserver.m"
+
+
 #define CHK(condition, status) \
     do { \
         if(!(condition)) { \

pkg/avfoundation/AVFoundationBind/DeviceObserver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// MIT License
+// 
+// Copyright (c) 2019-2020 Pion
+// 
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+// 
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+// copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+// 
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+// SOFTWARE.
+
+#ifndef DEVICEOBSERVER_H
+#define DEVICEOBSERVER_H
+
+#include "AVFoundationBind.h"
+
+typedef const char* STATUS;
+
+typedef struct {
+    char uid[MAX_DEVICE_UID_CHARS + 1]; // +1 for null terminator
+    char name[MAX_DEVICE_NAME_CHARS + 1];
+} DeviceInfo;
+
+typedef enum {
+    DeviceEventConnected = 0,
+    DeviceEventDisconnected = 1
+} DeviceEventType;
+
+// Callback function type for device events
+// userData: user-provided context pointer
+// eventType: connected or disconnected
+// device: device info
+typedef void (*DeviceEventCallback)(void *userData, DeviceEventType eventType, DeviceInfo *device);
+
+// Initialize the device observer with a callback
+// Returns NULL on success, error string on failure
+STATUS DeviceObserverInit(DeviceEventCallback callback, void *userData);
+
+// Start observing device events (notifications will be delivered via the run loop)
+STATUS DeviceObserverStart(void);
+
+// Stop observing device events
+STATUS DeviceObserverStop(void);
+
+// Cleanup the device observer
+STATUS DeviceObserverDestroy(void);
+
+// Get current list of video devices
+// devices: output array (must have space for MAX_DEVICES)
+// count: output count of devices found
+STATUS DeviceObserverGetDevices(DeviceInfo *devices, int *count);
+
+// Run the run loop for a specified duration (in seconds)
+// This allows the observer to receive notifications
+STATUS DeviceObserverRunFor(double seconds);
+
+#endif // DEVICEOBSERVER_H

pkg/avfoundation/AVFoundationBind/DeviceObserver.m

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+// MIT License
+// 
+// Copyright (c) 2019-2020 Pion
+// 
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+// 
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+// copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+// 
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+// SOFTWARE.
+
+// Naming Convention (let "name" as an actual variable name):
+//   - mName: "name" is a member of an Objective C object
+//   - pName: "name" is a C pointer
+//   - refName: "name" is an Objective C object reference
+
+#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
+#import <AVFoundation/AVFoundation.h>
+#import <string.h>
+#import "DeviceObserver.h"
+
+
+extern void goDeviceEventCallback(void *pUserData, int eventType, DeviceInfo *pDevice);
+
+void deviceEventBridge(void *pUserData, DeviceEventType eventType, DeviceInfo *pDevice) {
+    goDeviceEventCallback(pUserData, (int)eventType, pDevice);
+}
+
+@interface DeviceObserverDelegate : NSObject {
+    DeviceEventCallback mCallback;
+    void *mUserData;
+    AVCaptureDeviceDiscoverySession *mDiscoverySession;
+    BOOL mObserving;
+}
+@end
+
+@implementation DeviceObserverDelegate
+
+- (instancetype)initWithCallback:(DeviceEventCallback)callback userData:(void *)pUserData {
+    self = [super init];
+    if (self) {
+        mCallback = callback;
+        mUserData = pUserData;
+        mObserving = NO;
+
+        NSArray *refDeviceTypes = @[
+            AVCaptureDeviceTypeBuiltInWideAngleCamera,
+            AVCaptureDeviceTypeExternal
+        ];
+
+        mDiscoverySession = [[AVCaptureDeviceDiscoverySession
+            discoverySessionWithDeviceTypes:refDeviceTypes
+            mediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo
+            position:AVCaptureDevicePositionUnspecified] retain];
+    }
+    return self;
+}
+
+- (void)startObserving {
+    if (mObserving) return;
+
+    [mDiscoverySession addObserver:self
+                        forKeyPath:@"devices"
+                           options:(NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld | NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew)
+                           context:nil];
+
+    mObserving = YES;
+}
+
+- (void)stopObserving {
+    if (!mObserving) return;
+
+    [mDiscoverySession removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"devices"];
+    mObserving = NO;
+}
+
+- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath
+                      ofObject:(id)object
+                        change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change
+                       context:(void *)pContext {
+
+    if (![keyPath isEqualToString:@"devices"]) return;
+
+    NSArray<AVCaptureDevice *> *refOldDevices = change[NSKeyValueChangeOldKey];
+    NSArray<AVCaptureDevice *> *refNewDevices = change[NSKeyValueChangeNewKey];
+
+    if ([refOldDevices isKindOfClass:[NSNull class]]) refOldDevices = @[];
+    if ([refNewDevices isKindOfClass:[NSNull class]]) refNewDevices = @[];
+
+    // Build sets of device UIDs for comparison
+    NSMutableSet *refOldUIDs = [NSMutableSet set];
+    NSMutableDictionary *refOldDeviceMap = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
+    for (AVCaptureDevice *refDevice in refOldDevices) {
+        [refOldUIDs addObject:refDevice.uniqueID];
+        refOldDeviceMap[refDevice.uniqueID] = refDevice;
+    }
+
+    NSMutableSet *refNewUIDs = [NSMutableSet set];
+    NSMutableDictionary *refNewDeviceMap = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
+    for (AVCaptureDevice *refDevice in refNewDevices) {
+        [refNewUIDs addObject:refDevice.uniqueID];
+        refNewDeviceMap[refDevice.uniqueID] = refDevice;
+    }
+
+    // Find added devices
+    NSMutableSet *refAddedUIDs = [refNewUIDs mutableCopy];
+    [refAddedUIDs minusSet:refOldUIDs];
+
+    // Find removed devices
+    NSMutableSet *refRemovedUIDs = [refOldUIDs mutableCopy];
+    [refRemovedUIDs minusSet:refNewUIDs];
+
+    // Notify about added devices
+    for (NSString *uid in refAddedUIDs) {
+        AVCaptureDevice *refDevice = refNewDeviceMap[uid];
+        DeviceInfo info;
+        memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
+        strlcpy(info.uid, refDevice.uniqueID.UTF8String, sizeof(info.uid));
+        strlcpy(info.name, refDevice.localizedName.UTF8String, sizeof(info.name));
+
+        if (mCallback) {
+            mCallback(mUserData, DeviceEventConnected, &info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Notify about removed devices
+    for (NSString *uid in refRemovedUIDs) {
+        AVCaptureDevice *refDevice = refOldDeviceMap[uid];
+        DeviceInfo info;
+        memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
+        strlcpy(info.uid, refDevice.uniqueID.UTF8String, sizeof(info.uid));
+        strlcpy(info.name, refDevice.localizedName.UTF8String, sizeof(info.name));
+
+        if (mCallback) {
+            mCallback(mUserData, DeviceEventDisconnected, &info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [refAddedUIDs release];
+    [refRemovedUIDs release];
+}
+
+- (void)dealloc {
+    [self stopObserving];
+    [mDiscoverySession release];
+    [super dealloc];
+}
+
+@end
+
+// Global observer instance
+static DeviceObserverDelegate *refObserver = nil;
+
+STATUS DeviceObserverInit(DeviceEventCallback callback, void *pUserData) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        if (refObserver != nil) {
+            return "observer already initialized";
+        }
+
+        refObserver = [[DeviceObserverDelegate alloc] initWithCallback:callback userData:pUserData];
+        if (refObserver == nil) {
+            return "failed to create observer";
+        }
+
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+}
+
+STATUS DeviceObserverStart(void) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        if (refObserver == nil) {
+            return "observer not initialized";
+        }
+
+        [refObserver startObserving];
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+}
+
+STATUS DeviceObserverStop(void) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        if (refObserver == nil) {
+            return "observer not initialized";
+        }
+
+        [refObserver stopObserving];
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+}
+
+STATUS DeviceObserverDestroy(void) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        if (refObserver == nil) {
+            return "observer not initialized";
+        }
+
+        [refObserver stopObserving];
+        [refObserver release];
+        refObserver = nil;
+
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+}
+
+STATUS DeviceObserverGetDevices(DeviceInfo *pDevices, int *pCount) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        if (pDevices == NULL || pCount == NULL) {
+            return "invalid arguments";
+        }
+
+        // Use discovery session for device enumeration
+        NSArray *refDeviceTypes = @[
+            AVCaptureDeviceTypeBuiltInWideAngleCamera,
+            AVCaptureDeviceTypeExternal
+        ];
+
+        AVCaptureDeviceDiscoverySession *refSession = [AVCaptureDeviceDiscoverySession
+            discoverySessionWithDeviceTypes:refDeviceTypes
+            mediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo
+            position:AVCaptureDevicePositionUnspecified];
+
+        int i = 0;
+        for (AVCaptureDevice *refDevice in refSession.devices) {
+            if (i >= MAX_DEVICES) break;
+
+            memset(&pDevices[i], 0, sizeof(DeviceInfo));
+            strlcpy(pDevices[i].uid, refDevice.uniqueID.UTF8String, sizeof(pDevices[i].uid));
+            strlcpy(pDevices[i].name, refDevice.localizedName.UTF8String, sizeof(pDevices[i].name));
+            i++;
+        }
+
+        *pCount = i;
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+}
+
+STATUS DeviceObserverRunFor(double seconds) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        // Add a timer to keep the run loop alive
+        NSTimer *refTimer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:seconds
+                                                             target:[NSDate class]
+                                                           selector:@selector(date)
+                                                           userInfo:nil
+                                                            repeats:NO];
+        [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] runUntilDate:[NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSinceNow:seconds]];
+        [refTimer invalidate];
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+}

pkg/avfoundation/device_observer_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+package avfoundation
+
+/*
+#cgo CFLAGS: -x objective-c
+#cgo LDFLAGS: -framework AVFoundation -framework Foundation -framework CoreMedia -framework CoreVideo
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "AVFoundationBind/DeviceObserver.h"
+
+extern void deviceEventBridge(void *userData, DeviceEventType eventType, DeviceInfo *device);
+
+static const char* DeviceObserverInitWithBridge() {
+    return DeviceObserverInit(deviceEventBridge, NULL);
+}
+*/
+import "C"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+type observerStateType int
+
+const (
+	observerInitial   observerStateType = iota
+	observerSetup                       // KVO initialized on main thread but not pumping run loop
+	observerStarting                    // Starting run loop (transitioning to running)
+	observerRunning                     // Run loop is actively pumping
+	observerDestroyed                   // Destroyed and cannot be restarted
+)
+
+// deviceObserver manages the AVFoundation device observer lifecycle with the singleton pattern.
+// The observer is single-use. Once DestroyObserver is called, it cannot be restarted.
+type deviceObserver struct {
+	// Signals observer to transition to the startup state
+	signalStart chan struct{}
+	// Signals observer to destroy and stop pumping the NSRunLoop in the bg routine (if running)
+	signalDestroy chan struct{}
+	// Closed when setup state logic completes.
+	setupDone chan struct{}
+	// Closed when startup state logic completes.
+	startDone chan struct{}
+	// Coordinates waiting for the observer goroutine to complete
+	wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	// mu protects all below state fields.
+	// Must not be held when invoking user callbacks to avoid deadlock (double lock acquisition).
+	mu             sync.Mutex
+	deviceCache    map[string]Device
+	state          observerStateType
+	onDeviceChange func(Device, DeviceEventType)
+	setupErr       error
+}
+
+var (
+	observerSingleton     *deviceObserver
+	observerSingletonOnce sync.Once
+)
+
+func getObserver() *deviceObserver {
+	observerSingletonOnce.Do(func() {
+		observerSingleton = &deviceObserver{
+			deviceCache: make(map[string]Device),
+			state:       observerInitial,
+		}
+	})
+	return observerSingleton
+}
+
+type DeviceEventType int
+
+const (
+	DeviceEventConnected    DeviceEventType = C.DeviceEventConnected
+	DeviceEventDisconnected DeviceEventType = C.DeviceEventDisconnected
+)
+
+func SetOnDeviceChange(f func(Device, DeviceEventType)) {
+	obs := getObserver()
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	defer obs.mu.Unlock()
+	obs.onDeviceChange = f
+}
+
+func createDevice(uid, name string) Device {
+	var d Device
+	d.UID = uid
+	d.Name = name
+
+	// Copy strings to C char arrays
+	cUID := C.CString(uid)
+	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cUID))
+	C.strncpy(&d.cDevice.uid[0], cUID, C.MAX_DEVICE_UID_CHARS)
+	d.cDevice.uid[C.MAX_DEVICE_UID_CHARS] = 0
+
+	cName := C.CString(name)
+	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cName))
+	C.strncpy(&d.cDevice.name[0], cName, C.MAX_DEVICE_NAME_CHARS)
+	d.cDevice.name[C.MAX_DEVICE_NAME_CHARS] = 0
+
+	return d
+}
+
+//export goDeviceEventCallback
+func goDeviceEventCallback(userData unsafe.Pointer, eventType C.int, device *C.DeviceInfo) {
+	uid := C.GoString(&device.uid[0])
+	name := C.GoString(&device.name[0])
+
+	d := createDevice(uid, name)
+	et := DeviceEventType(eventType)
+
+	obs := getObserver()
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	if eventType == C.DeviceEventConnected {
+		obs.deviceCache[uid] = d
+	} else if eventType == C.DeviceEventDisconnected {
+		delete(obs.deviceCache, uid)
+	}
+	cb := obs.onDeviceChange
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if cb != nil {
+		cb(d, et)
+	}
+}
+
+// setup initializes the device observer and starts a goroutine locked to a thread for NSRunLoop,
+// but does not begin pumping the run loop yet. The goroutine waits idle until start is called.
+// This function assumes the caller invoked it from the main thread to set up AVFoundation KVO properly.
+func (obs *deviceObserver) setup() error {
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+
+	switch obs.state {
+	case observerInitial:
+		// Continue with setup
+	case observerSetup, observerStarting, observerRunning:
+		// Already setup or beyond
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil
+	case observerDestroyed:
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+		return fmt.Errorf("device observer is single-use and was destroyed, so it cannot be restarted")
+	}
+
+	if obs.setupDone != nil {
+		done := obs.setupDone
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+		<-done
+		obs.mu.Lock()
+		err := obs.setupErr
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// We're first to setup, initialize the channels
+	obs.signalStart = make(chan struct{})
+	obs.signalDestroy = make(chan struct{})
+	obs.setupDone = make(chan struct{})
+	obs.startDone = make(chan struct{})
+	obs.setupErr = nil
+	obs.wg.Add(1)
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	go func() {
+		defer obs.wg.Done()
+		runtime.LockOSThread()
+		defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+
+		var err error
+		if status := C.DeviceObserverInitWithBridge(); status != nil {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to init observer: %s", C.GoString(status))
+		} else if status := C.DeviceObserverStart(); status != nil {
+			C.DeviceObserverDestroy() // remember to clean up C objects on error
+			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to start observer: %s", C.GoString(status))
+		}
+
+		if err != nil {
+			obs.mu.Lock()
+			obs.state = observerInitial
+			obs.setupErr = err
+			obs.mu.Unlock()
+			close(obs.setupDone)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Populate device cache and prepare initial device list for callbacks
+		var devices [C.MAX_DEVICES]C.DeviceInfo
+		var count C.int
+		status := C.DeviceObserverGetDevices(&devices[0], &count)
+		var initialDevices []Device
+		obs.mu.Lock()
+		if status == nil {
+			obs.deviceCache = make(map[string]Device)
+			for i := 0; i < int(count); i++ {
+				uid := C.GoString(&devices[i].uid[0])
+				name := C.GoString(&devices[i].name[0])
+				dev := createDevice(uid, name)
+				obs.deviceCache[uid] = dev
+				initialDevices = append(initialDevices, dev)
+			}
+		}
+		obs.state = observerSetup
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+		close(obs.setupDone)
+
+		// STATE BOUNDARY: setup phase complete, now entering startup phase
+		obs.waitForStartAndRun(initialDevices)
+	}()
+
+	<-obs.setupDone // waits for goroutine to complete setup
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	err := obs.setupErr
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+	return err
+}
+
+// waitForStartAndRun waits for the start signal, then transitions to running state
+// and pumps the NSRunLoop.
+func (obs *deviceObserver) waitForStartAndRun(initialDevices []Device) {
+	// Wait for signal to start pumping or destroy
+	select {
+	case <-obs.signalDestroy:
+		C.DeviceObserverStop()
+		C.DeviceObserverDestroy()
+		close(obs.startDone)
+		return
+	case <-obs.signalStart:
+		// Transition to running
+	}
+
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	cb := obs.onDeviceChange
+	obs.state = observerRunning
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	close(obs.startDone)
+
+	// Replay current devices
+	if cb != nil {
+		for _, dev := range initialDevices {
+			cb(dev, DeviceEventConnected)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// STATE BOUNDARY: startup -> running
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-obs.signalDestroy:
+			// STATE BOUNDARY: running -> destroyed
+			C.DeviceObserverStop()
+			C.DeviceObserverDestroy()
+			return
+		default:
+			C.DeviceObserverRunFor(0.1)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// start signals the observer goroutine to begin pumping the run loop.
+func (obs *deviceObserver) start() error {
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+
+	for {
+		switch obs.state {
+		case observerInitial:
+			// Need to setup first
+			obs.mu.Unlock()
+			if err := obs.setup(); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			obs.mu.Lock()
+			continue // re-check state as it may have changed by another goroutine e.g. destroyed
+		case observerStarting:
+			// Another goroutine is starting the run loop; wait on same result
+			done := obs.startDone
+			obs.mu.Unlock()
+			<-done
+			return nil
+		case observerRunning:
+			obs.mu.Unlock()
+			return nil
+		case observerDestroyed:
+			obs.mu.Unlock()
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot start observer: observer has been destroyed and cannot be restarted")
+		case observerSetup:
+			// Proceed to signal start
+		}
+		break
+	}
+
+	obs.state = observerStarting
+	pump := obs.signalStart
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	close(pump)
+
+	<-obs.startDone
+	return nil
+}
+
+// destroy destroys the device observer and releases all C/Objective-C resources.
+// The observer cannot be restarted after being destroyed.
+func (obs *deviceObserver) destroy() error {
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+
+	for {
+		switch obs.state {
+		case observerInitial:
+			obs.state = observerDestroyed
+			destroy := obs.signalDestroy
+			obs.mu.Unlock()
+			if destroy != nil { // may be nil if setup wasn't called
+				close(destroy)
+				obs.wg.Wait()
+			}
+			return nil
+		case observerDestroyed:
+			obs.mu.Unlock()
+			return nil
+		case observerSetup, observerRunning:
+			// Set state to destroyed before unlocking to prevent concurrent destroy
+			obs.state = observerDestroyed
+		case observerStarting:
+			// Wait for transition to running
+			done := obs.startDone
+			obs.mu.Unlock()
+			<-done
+			obs.mu.Lock() // lock and check state again
+			continue
+		}
+		break
+	}
+
+	destroy := obs.signalDestroy
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	close(destroy)
+	obs.wg.Wait()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetupObserver initializes the device observer and starts a goroutine
+// locked to a thread for NSRunLoop, but does not begin pumping the run loop yet.
+// The goroutine waits idle until StartObserver is called, avoiding CPU overhead.
+// Safe to call concurrently and idempotently.
+func SetupObserver() error {
+	return getObserver().setup()
+}
+
+// StartObserver signals the observer goroutine to begin pumping the run loop.
+// If SetupObserver has not been called, StartObserver will call it first.
+// Safe to call concurrently and idempotently.
+func StartObserver() error {
+	return getObserver().start()
+}
+
+// DestroyObserver destroys the device observer and releases all C/Objective-C resources.
+// The observer is single-use and cannot be restarted after being destroyed.
+// Safe to call concurrently and idempotently.
+func DestroyObserver() error {
+	return getObserver().destroy()
+}
+
+// LookupCachedDevice returns the cached device that matches the provided UID.
+// The returned boolean indicates whether the device was present in the cache.
+// Callers should verify IsObserverRunning before relying on the result.
+func LookupCachedDevice(uid string) (Device, bool) {
+	obs := getObserver()
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	defer obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	dev, ok := obs.deviceCache[uid]
+	return dev, ok
+}
+
+// IsObserverRunning reports whether the device observer has successfully started
+// and populated the in-memory cache.
+func IsObserverRunning() bool {
+	obs := getObserver()
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	defer obs.mu.Unlock()
+	return obs.state == observerRunning
+}

pkg/avfoundation/device_observer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+//go:build darwin
+// +build darwin
+
+package avfoundation
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestGetObserverSingleton tests that getObserver returns the same instance.
+func TestGetObserverSingleton(t *testing.T) {
+	obs1 := getObserver()
+	obs2 := getObserver()
+
+	if obs1 != obs2 {
+		t.Error("getObserver() should return the same singleton instance")
+	}
+
+	if obs1.deviceCache == nil {
+		t.Error("Observer device cache should be initialized")
+	}
+
+	if obs1.state != observerInitial {
+		t.Errorf("Initial observer state should be observerInitial, got: %v", obs1.state)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCreateDevice tests device creation with UID and name.
+func TestCreateDevice(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		uid     string
+		devName string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "simple device",
+			uid:     "test-uid-123",
+			devName: "Test Camera",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "device with special characters",
+			uid:     "camera_0x1234567890abcdef",
+			devName: "FaceTime HD Camera",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "empty strings",
+			uid:     "",
+			devName: "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			device := createDevice(tc.uid, tc.devName)
+
+			if device.UID != tc.uid {
+				t.Errorf("Expected UID %q, got %q", tc.uid, device.UID)
+			}
+
+			if device.Name != tc.devName {
+				t.Errorf("Expected Name %q, got %q", tc.devName, device.Name)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSetOnDeviceChange tests setting and retrieving the device change callback.
+func TestSetOnDeviceChange(t *testing.T) {
+	// Reset observer state for clean test (hacky)
+	// In production, the observer is a singleton
+	obs := getObserver()
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	originalCallback := obs.onDeviceChange
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Restore original callback at end of test
+	defer func() {
+		obs.mu.Lock()
+		obs.onDeviceChange = originalCallback
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+	}()
+
+	called := false
+	var capturedDevice Device
+	var capturedEvent DeviceEventType
+
+	SetOnDeviceChange(func(d Device, e DeviceEventType) {
+		called = true
+		capturedDevice = d
+		capturedEvent = e
+	})
+
+	// Verify callback was set
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	if obs.onDeviceChange == nil {
+		t.Fatal("OnDeviceChange callback was not set")
+	}
+
+	// Manually trigger callback for testing
+	testDevice := createDevice("test-uid", "test-name")
+	testEvent := DeviceEventConnected
+	cb := obs.onDeviceChange
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if cb != nil {
+		cb(testDevice, testEvent)
+	}
+
+	if !called {
+		t.Error("Callback was not invoked")
+	}
+
+	if capturedDevice.UID != "test-uid" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected captured UID %q, got %q", "test-uid", capturedDevice.UID)
+	}
+
+	if capturedEvent != DeviceEventConnected {
+		t.Errorf("Expected event %v, got %v", DeviceEventConnected, capturedEvent)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLookupCachedDevice tests device cache lookups.
+func TestLookupCachedDevice(t *testing.T) {
+	obs := getObserver()
+
+	// Add a test device to cache
+	testUID := "lookup-test-uid"
+	testDevice := createDevice(testUID, "Lookup Test Camera")
+
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	obs.deviceCache[testUID] = testDevice
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Test successful lookup
+	device, ok := LookupCachedDevice(testUID)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Error("Expected to find device in cache")
+	}
+
+	if device.UID != testUID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected UID %q, got %q", testUID, device.UID)
+	}
+
+	// Test failed lookup
+	_, ok = LookupCachedDevice("non-existent-uid")
+	if ok {
+		t.Error("Expected not to find non-existent device in cache")
+	}
+
+	// Cleanup
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	delete(obs.deviceCache, testUID)
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// TestIsObserverRunning tests the observer running state check.
+func TestIsObserverRunning(t *testing.T) {
+	obs := getObserver()
+
+	// Initially should not be running
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	originalState := obs.state
+	obs.state = observerInitial
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Restore original state at end
+	defer func() {
+		obs.mu.Lock()
+		obs.state = originalState
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+	}()
+
+	if IsObserverRunning() {
+		t.Error("Observer should not be running in initial state")
+	}
+
+	// Set state to running
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	obs.state = observerRunning
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if !IsObserverRunning() {
+		t.Error("Observer should be running after state set to observerRunning")
+	}
+
+	// Set state to other states
+	for _, state := range []observerStateType{observerSetup, observerStarting, observerDestroyed} {
+		obs.mu.Lock()
+		obs.state = state
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+		if IsObserverRunning() {
+			t.Errorf("Observer should not be running in state %v", state)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGoDeviceEventCallback tests the C-to-Go device event callback.
+func TestGoDeviceEventCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	obs := getObserver()
+
+	// Clear device cache for clean test
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	obs.deviceCache = make(map[string]Device)
+	originalCallback := obs.onDeviceChange
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	defer func() {
+		obs.mu.Lock()
+		obs.onDeviceChange = originalCallback
+		obs.deviceCache = make(map[string]Device)
+		obs.mu.Unlock()
+	}()
+
+	// Set up test callback
+	var callbackInvoked bool
+	var capturedDevice Device
+	var capturedEvent DeviceEventType
+
+	SetOnDeviceChange(func(d Device, e DeviceEventType) {
+		callbackInvoked = true
+		capturedDevice = d
+		capturedEvent = e
+	})
+
+	// Note: We cannot directly call goDeviceEventCallback with C types in a Go test
+	// without CGO setup. Instead, we test the logic that would be executed.
+
+	// Simulate connect event
+	testUID := "callback-test-uid"
+	testDevice := createDevice(testUID, "Callback Test Camera")
+
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	obs.deviceCache[testUID] = testDevice
+	cb := obs.onDeviceChange
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if cb != nil {
+		cb(testDevice, DeviceEventConnected)
+	}
+
+	if !callbackInvoked {
+		t.Error("User callback should have been invoked")
+	}
+
+	if capturedEvent != DeviceEventConnected {
+		t.Errorf("Expected DeviceEventConnected, got %v", capturedEvent)
+	}
+
+	// Verify device was added to cache
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	_, exists := obs.deviceCache[testUID]
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if !exists {
+		t.Error("Device should be in cache after connect event")
+	}
+
+	// Simulate disconnect event
+	callbackInvoked = false
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	delete(obs.deviceCache, testUID)
+	cb = obs.onDeviceChange
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if cb != nil {
+		cb(testDevice, DeviceEventDisconnected)
+	}
+
+	if !callbackInvoked {
+		t.Error("User callback should have been invoked for disconnect")
+	}
+
+	if capturedEvent != DeviceEventDisconnected {
+		t.Errorf("Expected DeviceEventDisconnected, got %v", capturedEvent)
+	}
+
+	if capturedDevice.UID != testUID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected captured device UID %q, got %q", testUID, capturedDevice.UID)
+	}
+
+	// Verify device was removed from cache
+	obs.mu.Lock()
+	_, exists = obs.deviceCache[testUID]
+	obs.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if exists {
+		t.Error("Device should not be in cache after disconnect event")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDeviceEventTypes tests the device event type constants, verifying that they are different.
+func TestDeviceEventTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	if DeviceEventConnected == DeviceEventDisconnected {
+		t.Error("DeviceEventConnected and DeviceEventDisconnected should be different")
+	}
+}

pkg/driver/availability/error.go

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	ErrUnimplemented = NewError("not implemented")
-	ErrBusy          = NewError("device or resource busy")
-	ErrNoDevice      = NewError("no such device")
+	ErrObserverUnavailable = NewError("observer unavailable (not started or destroyed)")
+	ErrUnimplemented       = NewError("not implemented")
+	ErrBusy                = NewError("device or resource busy")
+	ErrNoDevice            = NewError("no such device")
 )
 
 type errorString struct {

pkg/driver/camera/camera_darwin.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/avfoundation"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver"
+	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver/availability"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/frame"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/io/video"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/prop"
@@ -44,6 +45,72 @@ func Initialize() {
 	}
 }
 
+// SetupObserver initializes the device observer on the main thread without starting monitoring.
+// This allows setup on the main thread (required by macOS) without CPU overhead until StartObserver is called.
+// The caller must invoke SetupObserver from the main thread for proper NSRunLoop setup.
+// Safe to call concurrently and idempotent; multiple calls are no-ops if already setup.
+func SetupObserver() error {
+	manager := driver.GetManager()
+
+	avfoundation.SetOnDeviceChange(func(device avfoundation.Device, event avfoundation.DeviceEventType) {
+		switch event {
+		case avfoundation.DeviceEventConnected:
+			drivers := manager.Query(func(d driver.Driver) bool {
+				return d.Info().Label == device.UID
+			})
+			if len(drivers) > 0 {
+				return
+			}
+
+			cam := newCamera(device)
+			manager.Register(cam, driver.Info{
+				Label:      device.UID,
+				DeviceType: driver.Camera,
+				Name:       device.Name,
+			})
+
+		case avfoundation.DeviceEventDisconnected:
+			drivers := manager.Query(func(d driver.Driver) bool {
+				return d.Info().Label == device.UID
+			})
+			for _, d := range drivers {
+				status := d.Status()
+				if status != driver.StateClosed {
+					if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+					}
+				}
+				manager.Delete(d.ID())
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	return avfoundation.SetupObserver()
+}
+
+// StartObserver starts the background observer to monitor for device changes.
+// If SetupObserver has not been called, StartObserver will call it first.
+// Safe to call concurrently and idempotently.
+func StartObserver() error {
+	// Call SetupObserver first to ensure SetOnDeviceChange callback is registered.
+	// This is safe as observer methods are idempotent and handle concurrency.
+	if err := SetupObserver(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := avfoundation.StartObserver(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return syncVideoRecorders(driver.GetManager())
+}
+
+// DestroyObserver destroys the device observer and releases all resources.
+// The observer is single-use and cannot be restarted after being destroyed.
+// Safe to call concurrently and idempotently.
+func DestroyObserver() error {
+	return avfoundation.DestroyObserver()
+}
+
 func newCamera(device avfoundation.Device) *camera {
 	return &camera{
 		device: device,
@@ -57,15 +124,20 @@ func (cam *camera) Open() error {
 }
 
 func (cam *camera) Close() error {
-	if cam.rcClose != nil {
-		cam.rcClose()
-	}
-
 	if cam.cancel != nil {
 		cam.cancel()
+		cam.cancel = nil
 	}
-
-	return cam.session.Close()
+	if cam.rcClose != nil {
+		cam.rcClose()
+		cam.rcClose = nil
+	}
+	if cam.session != nil {
+		err := cam.session.Close()
+		cam.session = nil
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (cam *camera) VideoRecord(property prop.Media) (video.Reader, error) {
@@ -106,3 +178,68 @@ func (cam *camera) VideoRecord(property prop.Media) (video.Reader, error) {
 func (cam *camera) Properties() []prop.Media {
 	return cam.session.Properties()
 }
+
+func (cam *camera) IsAvailable() (bool, error) {
+	if !avfoundation.IsObserverRunning() {
+		return false, availability.ErrObserverUnavailable
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := avfoundation.LookupCachedDevice(cam.device.UID); !ok {
+		return false, availability.ErrNoDevice
+	}
+
+	// Probe device availability by attempting to open a session
+	session, err := avfoundation.NewSession(cam.device)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, availability.ErrBusy
+	}
+	if session == nil {
+		panic("session was nil while error was nil")
+	}
+	session.Close()
+
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// syncVideoRecorders keeps the manager in lockstep with the hardware before the first user query.
+func syncVideoRecorders(manager *driver.Manager) error {
+	devices, err := avfoundation.Devices(avfoundation.Video)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	current := make(map[string]struct{}, len(devices))
+	for _, device := range devices {
+		current[device.UID] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	registered := manager.Query(driver.FilterVideoRecorder())
+	registeredByLabel := make(map[string]struct{}, len(registered))
+
+	// drop any registered drivers whose UID isn't currently present
+	for _, d := range registered {
+		label := d.Info().Label
+		registeredByLabel[label] = struct{}{}
+		if _, ok := current[label]; !ok {
+			manager.Delete(d.ID())
+			delete(registeredByLabel, label)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// register any new devices that appeared between the init() call and the observer start
+	for _, device := range devices {
+		if _, ok := registeredByLabel[device.UID]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		cam := newCamera(device)
+		manager.Register(cam, driver.Info{
+			Label:      device.UID,
+			DeviceType: driver.Camera,
+			Name:       device.Name,
+		})
+		registeredByLabel[device.UID] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

pkg/driver/camera/camera_darwin_test.go

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:build darwin
 // +build darwin
 
 // $ go test -v . -tags darwin -run="^TestCameraFrameFormatSupport$"
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/avfoundation"
+	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver"
+	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver/availability"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/frame"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/prop"
 )
@@ -61,3 +64,138 @@ func TestCameraFrameFormatSupport(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// TestCameraCloseIdempotency tests that Close can be called multiple times safely.
+func TestCameraCloseIdempotency(t *testing.T) {
+	devices, err := avfoundation.Devices(avfoundation.Video)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if len(devices) == 0 {
+		t.Skip("No video devices available for testing")
+	}
+
+	cam := newCamera(devices[0])
+	if err := cam.Open(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Close multiple times should not error
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		if err := cam.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Close call %d failed: %v", i+1, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify internal state was cleared
+	if cam.session != nil {
+		t.Error("Session should be nil after close")
+	}
+	if cam.rcClose != nil {
+		t.Error("rcClose should be nil after close")
+	}
+	if cam.cancel != nil {
+		t.Error("cancel should be nil after close")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCameraIsAvailableObserverNotRunning tests IsAvailable when observer is not running.
+func TestCameraIsAvailableObserverNotRunning(t *testing.T) {
+	devices, err := avfoundation.Devices(avfoundation.Video)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if len(devices) == 0 {
+		t.Skip("No video devices available for testing")
+	}
+
+	cam := newCamera(devices[0])
+
+	available, err := cam.IsAvailable()
+	if available {
+		t.Error("Camera should not be available when observer is not running")
+	}
+
+	if err != availability.ErrObserverUnavailable {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrObserverUnavailable, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestNewCamera tests camera constructor.
+func TestNewCamera(t *testing.T) {
+	testDevice := avfoundation.Device{
+		UID:  "test-uid",
+		Name: "Test Camera",
+	}
+
+	cam := newCamera(testDevice)
+
+	if cam == nil {
+		t.Fatal("newCamera returned nil")
+	}
+
+	if cam.device.UID != testDevice.UID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected device UID %q, got %q", testDevice.UID, cam.device.UID)
+	}
+
+	if cam.device.Name != testDevice.Name {
+		t.Errorf("Expected device name %q, got %q", testDevice.Name, cam.device.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSyncVideoRecorders tests the syncVideoRecorders function.
+func TestSyncVideoRecorders(t *testing.T) {
+	manager := driver.GetManager()
+
+	// Initial state
+	initialDrivers := manager.Query(driver.FilterVideoRecorder())
+	initialCount := len(initialDrivers)
+
+	// Run sync
+	err := syncVideoRecorders(manager)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("syncVideoRecorders failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify drivers were synced
+	afterDrivers := manager.Query(driver.FilterVideoRecorder())
+	afterCount := len(afterDrivers)
+
+	// The count should match the actual devices available
+	devices, err := avfoundation.Devices(avfoundation.Video)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if afterCount != len(devices) {
+		t.Logf("Warning: Expected %d drivers after sync, got %d (initial: %d)",
+			len(devices), afterCount, initialCount)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestObserverFunctionsIdempotent tests that observer functions can be called multiple times.
+func TestObserverFunctionsIdempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	// This test may have side effects on the global observer state
+	// In a real scenario, you'd want to reset the observer between tests
+
+	// SetupObserver should be idempotent
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		if err := SetupObserver(); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("SetupObserver call %d failed: %v", i+1, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// StartObserver should be idempotent
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		if err := StartObserver(); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("StartObserver call %d failed: %v", i+1, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Cleanup
+	if err := DestroyObserver(); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("DestroyObserver failed: %v", err)
+	}
+}

pkg/driver/camera/camera_linux.go

@@ -98,6 +98,21 @@ func Initialize() {
 	discover(discovered, "/dev/video*")
 }
 
+// SetupObserver is a stub implementation for Linux.
+func SetupObserver() error {
+	return availability.ErrUnimplemented
+}
+
+// StartObserver is a stub implementation for Linux.
+func StartObserver() error {
+	return availability.ErrUnimplemented
+}
+
+// DestroyObserver is a stub implementation for Linux.
+func DestroyObserver() error {
+	return availability.ErrUnimplemented
+}
+
 func discover(discovered map[string]struct{}, pattern string) {
 	devices, err := filepath.Glob(pattern)
 	if err != nil {

pkg/driver/camera/camera_stubs_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//go:build linux || windows
+
+package camera
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver/availability"
+)
+
+// TestSetupObserver tests the stub implementation of SetupObserver.
+func TestSetupObserver(t *testing.T) {
+	err := SetupObserver()
+	if !errors.Is(err, availability.ErrUnimplemented) {
+		t.Errorf("SetupObserver() should return ErrUnimplemented for stub implementation, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStartObserver tests the stub implementation of StartObserver.
+func TestStartObserver(t *testing.T) {
+	err := StartObserver()
+	if !errors.Is(err, availability.ErrUnimplemented) {
+		t.Errorf("StartObserver() should return ErrUnimplemented for stub implementation, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDestroyObserver tests the stub implementation of DestroyObserver.
+func TestDestroyObserver(t *testing.T) {
+	err := DestroyObserver()
+	if !errors.Is(err, availability.ErrUnimplemented) {
+		t.Errorf("DestroyObserver() should return ErrUnimplemented for stub implementation, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestObserverFunctionsIdempotent tests that observer functions can be called multiple times safely.
+func TestObserverFunctionsIdempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		if err := SetupObserver(); !errors.Is(err, availability.ErrUnimplemented) {
+			t.Errorf("SetupObserver() call %d should return ErrUnimplemented, got: %v", i+1, err)
+		}
+		if err := StartObserver(); !errors.Is(err, availability.ErrUnimplemented) {
+			t.Errorf("StartObserver() call %d should return ErrUnimplemented, got: %v", i+1, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		if err := DestroyObserver(); !errors.Is(err, availability.ErrUnimplemented) {
+			t.Errorf("DestroyObserver() call %d should return ErrUnimplemented, got: %v", i+1, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

pkg/driver/camera/camera_windows.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver"
+	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/driver/availability"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/frame"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/io/video"
 	"github.com/pion/mediadevices/pkg/prop"
@@ -58,6 +59,21 @@ func Initialize() {
 	C.freeCameraList(&list, &errStr)
 }
 
+// SetupObserver is a stub implementation for Windows.
+func SetupObserver() error {
+	return availability.ErrUnimplemented
+}
+
+// StartObserver is a stub implementation for Windows.
+func StartObserver() error {
+	return availability.ErrUnimplemented
+}
+
+// DestroyObserver is a stub implementation for Windows.
+func DestroyObserver() error {
+	return availability.ErrUnimplemented
+}
+
 func (c *camera) Open() error {
 	c.ch = make(chan []byte)
 	c.cam = &C.camera{